When President Cyril Ramaphosa ran the fast-growing National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) in the mid-1980s, the union needed money from international donors. The trouble was that labour solidarity was complex and unions were divided into hostile camps.

A World Trade Union Federation brought together the workers’ representatives of the Soviet empire. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions was the do-good social democratic umbrella for the West European proletariat. The American Federation of Labor/Congress of International Organisations, meanwhile, was a rich but stridently anti-communist US competitor. ..

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